These two pulses, that produced exhumation at rates of ~0.2 km/Myr were attributed to changes in the geodynamic regime to more orthogonal and faster convergence rates. The older pulse at ~45-40 Ma and a younger at ~23-20 Ma, all in the morphotectonic context of the Antioqueño Plateau. (2009), identified two periods of rapid cooling using apatite (U–Th)/He and fission-track methodologies and inverse modelling techniques from samples collected along vertical profiles. Restrepo-Moreno (2009) and Restrepo-Moreno et al. These events were ~68-65 Ma, ~50-43 Ma, and a Late Miocene phase, which chronologically correspond to the Laramic, Pre-Andean and Eu-Andean orogenetic phases of van der Hammen (1961), respectively. Based on thermal modelling of his data, he recognized, three phases of fast cooling, interpreted as the result of tectonic activity. In the CC, Saenz (2003) carried out both ZFT and AFT analyses across the broad extent of the Antioqueño Plateau.
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Previous thermochronological studies are not abundant in the CC, although other investigations using this approach are reported in the EC (Bayona et al., 2012 Nie et al., 2012 Parra et al., 2009 Ramirez-arias et al., 2012 Saylor et al., 2012). Major regional pulses of orogenic activity reported by some authors occurred in the Paleocene, Early Eocene, Late Oligocene and Middle-Late Miocene (Amaya et al., 2017 León et al., 2018 Mora et al., 2010 Noriega-Londoño et al., 2020 Parra et al., 2009 Restrepo-Moreno et al., 2009, 2019 Saenz, 2003 van der Hammen, 1961 Villagómez and Spikings, 2013 Zapata et al., 2020). This setting has exerted major controls on geological processes (magmatism, metamorphism, tectonism, etc.) that in turn affect orogenesis (Cediel et al., 2003 Pilger, 1984 Restrepo-Moreno et al., 2019 Taboada et al., 2000 Vinasco et al., 2006). As a result of this geodynamic setting this Andean segment is affected by complex processes of subduction, collision and accretion of exotic terrains (Cediel et al, 2003, 2019 Page et al., 2005 Restrepo and Toussaint, 1988 Taboada et al., 2000).
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These mountains have evolved where three lithospheric plates, the Nazca, Caribbean, and South American converge (Fig. The Northern Andes of Colombia are represented by a trident-like distribution of sub-parallel mountain ranges, i.e., the Western, Central and Eastern Cordilleras (WC, CC, and EC, respectively). Thermobarometry data suggest that the crystallization of the Cretaceous intrusions, now at the surface, took place at depths of 8–13 km confirming the amount of exhumation revealed by low-temperature thermochronology.
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From 10 Ma the rates changed to 0.3–0.33 km/Myr with estimated geothermal gradients of 25–30 ☌/km. The thermochronology data imply a total of uplift-driven exhumation (i.e., crustal unroofing) in the study area of up to 10 kms since ~50 Ma at rates of ~0.1 km/Myr and 4 kms since ~23 Ma initially at 0.2 km/Myr.
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A fourth event, at ~10 Ma, is tentatively recognized in modelled data sets, but not by absolute age values. The latter two phases correlate well with the Pre-Andean and Proto-Andean periods previously identified on the basis of stratigraphic unconformities and thermochronology studies in the region. The results are combined with published apatite (U–Th)/He ages revealing three episodes of increased cooling during the Late Cretaceous (~110 - 90 Ma), the Eocene (~55-40 Ma) and the Miocene (23-20 Ma). Gallery dept paint shirt.New zircon and apatite fission-track analyses and aluminium in hornblende thermobarometric data are presented from Cretaceous and Triassic plutons situated along an east-west transect across the Central Cordillera, the Cauca Romeral Fault System and the eastern slopes of the Western Cordillera in the Colombian Andes.